Computers and Technology

A computer is an electronic machine that changes input in the form of some result. A computer consists of hardware and software and available in different sizes and designs. Today, computer is used in each and every field whether it is an educational institution, hospital, home, business etc.

There are different types of computers: super computers or mainframe computers, personal computers, laptop computer and many more. Large companies generally use super computers. Small computers or PC's are meant for individual use. A laptop is also a small computer that can be easily transported and handled. The commonly used type of computer in these days is embedded computer that also control another devices.

A computer mainly consists of four main sections: Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU), control unit, memory unit and input and output devices. It is the important part of the CPU that performs various arithmetic and logical operations. The various input and output (I/O) devices are those through which a computer receives information and changes into the form of results. There are different I/O devices like keyboard, mouse, monitor, printers etc. A control unit controls the overall operations of a computer. The control unit is divided into two different parts: microcoded control units and hardware control units.

There are numerous companies that offer best computers for your service. It is very important to choose the best computer company. Some of the best companies are Dell, Compaq, E Machines, Gateway, Toshiba, HP and Midwest Micro.

You can also shop for computers online. You can also make price comparisons on PC's, laptops, notebook computers and other computer devices online. This can save your time and money and ease your confusion.

We all get excited every time new computers get more powerful and hold more stuff. Just hold tight as computers take the next giant step in a few short years. We've seen the computer shrink in size as the 'microchip' becomes smaller and smaller. Now, scientists know that we can reduce the size of the same tasks down to the size of single atom! These are some of the more interesting developments in computer technology.

Quantum Computers are the future...

The weird world of quantum mechanics doesn't follow the laws of classical physics at all. A quantum bit (qubit) doesn't exist in the typical 0 or 1 binary state of today's computers - a qubit can exist in either, plus a blend of both states. This subtle-sounding difference is the reason quantum transistors will enable a computer to operate 1,000,000,000 times faster than current computers! If you think a computer running at 4 GHz is fast, try one running at 40,000 GHz as predicted. While there are many hurdles to overcome, new techniques and discoveries are being made every day. Many people think that quantum computers could be a reality within just 5 to 10 years.

Optic Computers and Photonics are making progress...

Optic Computers take advantage of the speed of light rather than the speed of electricity, which makes them a good choice for data transmission. Electricity only flows at about 1/10 of the speed of light, but optic or photonic transistors should be able to operate thousands of times faster than today's computers. Already, fiber optic cables are common, but optics will soon be used for switches in computers. Individual photons can be directed to create the off/on switch used in transistors. But, unlike electricity, light beams can travel 'through' each other, eliminating the need for the bulky paths of conventional wiring. This will enable the optic computer to be as small as needed for any application.

Nanodot Storage could be the new hard drive storage...

A nanodot can be 50 nanometers wide and has north and south poles like a magnet. It can respond to outside changes, which makes it a prime candidate for storage. Current research shows that a nanodot drive could hold more than 100 times the capacity of a current hard drive in a much smaller space. Nanodot storage is not too far away, and will revolutionize the way we look at information storage.

Spintronics - another promising yet weird type of storage...

Current computer memory has limitations now that manufacturing processes are approaching limits on the size of transistors. Besides that, computer RAM (temporary memory storage) loses information when the computer is switched off. Now that things are at the quantum level, new possibilities are emerging. One field, called 'Spintronics', measures the 'spin' on an electron. Better yet, even when the computer is shut down, the information is not lost. Spintronic memory works with just a few atoms, probably on a surface created by ingaas fabrication (indium gallium arsenide), a promising new material.

Nanotubes and Graphene instead of silicone chips...

Today's computer chips sit on a silicone wafer, but the future computer may use nanotube fabrication or graphene fabrication instead. A graphene sheet is only one atom thick, and a nanotube is a 'rolled up' sheet of graphene with a diameter of one nanometer. These are considered the future of transistor manufacturing because these structures have excellent properties, such as electrical conduction, good strength and efficient heat properties, plus they can be used for many other types of materials as well.

Going Ballistic - deflecting electrons like a pinball game...

The ballistic deflection transistor bounces atoms around to create a new type of computer transistor. This atomic transistor can operate at terahertz speeds, over a thousand times faster than today's computer, as suggested by a Rochester team developing the technology. Computer chips made with BDT technology would be easy to manufacture and could just be the next wave in computer technology.

While not comprehensive, these are some of the coming trends of the future computer. They may sound like distant dreams, but they are all real, they are all being developed, and will be in your computer store sooner than you imagined.

Frequent use of computers often causes them to develop many problems that need to be rectified as soon as possible in order to keep them functioning at their best. These problems could range from slowing down of computers to shutting down without any warning. Sometimes several windows start piling up and machine goes dead, while other times programs may hang up or system may not shut down. These are some problems that users experience and indicate that computers need to be checked for efficiency.

Computer checks have to be performed on the whole computer system in order to find out relevant problem. Computer malfunction may be rectified by using specific software or manually as well. Improved versions of software are available in electronic markets that may be used to conduct all checks automatically. Various brands of software are available for different types of computers. A thorough check and simultaneous cleansing of all parts are conducted through computer checks.

Most customers do not have in-depth knowledge of computer operation and maintenance. It is beneficial for them to opt for computer checks by manufacturers and other technicians. Some computer stores offer discounted service for their regular and loyal customers who have been visiting them from a long time. Many computer stores provide discounted services for a thorough check up of their computer as a special service. It is advisable for customers to check the background and authenticity of these service providers before authorizing them for computer check up. Discounts are also given on monthly and yearly periodic checks, which the customers can opt for as per their need and convenience.

Many computer manufacturers also offer periodic computer checks to their genuine customers who have purchased their brands of computers. A lot of servicing software and services are available at discounts on the Internet or at local computer stores, which customers can take advantage of.

As an owner of one of the internet cyber cafes in this world, I have come to know much about computers more than I used to know when I was still at school. In school we could find our computers already waiting for us and we couldn't know the procedures the administrators pass through to make them run as they used to do.

After getting much time with computers everyday I now know why computers are sometimes slow. All computers are the same as long they are maintained by the person who can manage them efficiently. It doesn't need you to first go for master's degree in computer science to make your computer run faster. Just follow my simple explanations and your computer will be faster.

You should always avoid unnecessary start up programs .Whenever you install a program on your computer, I think you have seen that it tries to show up every time you start your computer. Let come what may, this will retard the speed of your computer. What you must do is always to avoid them to start without your knowledge because they are also using an unnecessary amount of RAM on your computer.

o The first thing to do is to run a disk clean up...How do you do this?

Go to Start

Then to Programs

Then Accessories

Then to System tools and then lastly click on Disk Cleanup.

This will automatically show you all the files that need to be removed and the space you will gain after removing those files..

o Ever heard disk defragmentation? The amount of the data you put into your computer is scattered on your computer hard disk and what is needed is to make it come together so that the computer doesn't use a lot of force to get the expected data through different paths.

How do you do disk defragmentation?

Go to start

Then to programs

Then to accessories

Then to system tools

And lastly to Disk Defragmenter.

This will show the possibility of first to analyze how your computer's data is scattered on your computer and after analyzing it shows you how much space you are not using because of the fragmentation of data on your computer. Then you will have to defragment and make your computer faster.

o If you're through with disk defragmentation, you can now go for registry congestion clean up. When ever you are on your computer especially using the internet, you always download programs from the internet. These programs are always on the computer registry and even if you delete them or sign them out, they are still in the registry and for that matter you need to clean up the registry to get the space for more downloads and quick access to your computer.

Lastly but not least, if you are using your computer to browse the internet, I think by now you have known that there are some free programs that can be used to clean your computer just by one click on your computer. For me I have been using CCLEANER for almost a year now and I haven't seen any problem with at all.

What you have to do is, Go to Google and write install free ccleaner and you will be directed on how to download it. It will not take more than 5 minutes. To assure you this program will make your computer faster than before.

Computer is a very common device nowadays. Computers are no more an appliance that is used in offices but it is becoming a part of our study room in home also. It is a mechanical gadget that finds its use in every aspect in every ones life. Most of the ladies are very particular in keeping their rooms clean. They supervises the servants and sometime even themselves dust the furniture, sweep and wipe the floors and they take many more efforts to make and look their room clean.

But computer is still driving their attention as they are not satisfied with the age old cleaning tools to clean the computers. By particularly pointing out the ladies, I do not want to offend any section of people. In many cases even men are observed. Cleanliness is such a habit that cannot be characterized to any one section of people. For all the lovers of cleanliness, computer cleaning products serve greatly. Let us see the various computer cleaning products and know about them.

There are a lot of innovations in the field of computers. There are many forms of computers. The most common are the laptops, desktops, and palmtops and notebook computers. For the different forms of computers there are various forms of computer cleaning products. Even the computer cleaning products are characterized by hardware cleaning products and the software cleaning products. The software cleaning products are the software itself. These are the anti-virus software that check for the virus and also clean the computer from viruses. Even there are virus scanners, which scan for the virus and clean the computer if any.

Let us now come to the hardware computer cleaning products. The monitor of the PC is often covered with dust and if you simply wipe them with a piece of cloth, some scratches appear on the screens. To avoid getting these scratches, use cleaning sprays. These sprays are a part of computer cleaning product kit. Besides liquid sprays, you also need some soft pads that would help you to wipe of the dust from the monitor. To remove dust that remains in between the keys in the keyboard, you should use the mini vacuum suction. These are most often referred to as blowers.

Whatever may be the part of the computer, whether hardware or software, you need to take particular care while cleaning them. Many computer cleaning products are available in the market. You can purchase them both online and offline. But while purchasing note that it is compatible for your computer type. You can also seek assistance from the computer cleaning experts. Such expert advice is often found on the net. There are many parts in the computer, cleaning them need certain skills and expertise. Like the inside of CPU and UPS. You should not take the risk of cleaning them that could even mess them up. For the cleaning of these parts you should go for the computer cleaner. Cleaning of such parts is not necessary regularly required. Once or twice in a year you should call for the cleaners to clean your PC.

Keeping your computer clean with the good and quality cleaning products would increase the longevity of your computer and will also offer you enhanced performance.

Eventually, there may come a time when you realize that your computer is just not performing as well as you need it to. And since every computer owner needs his/her machine to perform tasks efficiently and as quickly as possible, your computer becomes obsolete when it becomes less than you need it to be. However, before tossing it on the junk heap in favor of a new machine, perhaps you should consider some upgrades. You will likely spend less money and be able to meet your needs at the same time. With that being said, here are three of the most popular upgrades users commonly choose for their computers.

Your computer's memory is an essential component of its internal operating system. Memory upgrades probably rank as one of the most popular upgrades for computer owners. It is also a pretty simple upgrade and one of the quickest, easiest things that you can do to boost your computer's productivity.

If you are planning on upgrading your computer's memory, you will first need to determine how much memory your computer currently has. You will also need to know how many empty slots you have for upgrading the memory. If your computer was new when you purchased it and you have not upgraded it, this information is normally provided in the user manual that came with your system. Otherwise, you will need to perform a BIOS check to see how much memory you currently have. Then you will also need to open your computer's case to check the number of empty slots.

Once you have checked these things, check your computer's manual to find compatible memory types. When you are purchasing memory modules, it is usually best to buy the most memory you can with the least amount of modules.

Another popular upgrade many people consider when upgrading their systems is DVD/burner upgrade. Though most computers now include at least DVD player/CD burner, some older computers only include a CD player. These days, though, much of the media disbursed in video format, especially with the recent explosion of video online. If you are considering an upgrade, then you will want to choose a DVD+R/RW drive which lets you read and burn both CDs and DVDs. These drives can also format information as well as burn it to a disc at the same time.

If you love playing all of the graphics intensive games that are now available, you may find yourself needing a more advanced video card, which is another popular computer upgrade. With some of the newest games, a high end video card is a requirement to even play the game.

Choosing a video card can be a little confusing, though, because there are so many on the market. You will first need to check either your computer manual or motherboard to determine which video cards are compatible with your system. You should purchase a video card that allows for the fastest rate of data transfer. Ask a computer specialist to explain the differences between the video cards if you are uncertain about your choice.

These are only a few of the most popular upgrades for computers. Some others include sound card and motherboard upgrades. Before trading in your computer for a new one, be sure to shop around to see if an upgrade might be a more cost effective option.

Being an Information Technology (I.T.) Consultant - or a "Computer Guy" as I prefer to be called - can be a dangerous profession. Sometimes when people find out what I do for a living, I practically get tackled! "Hey, I'm about to buy a new computer...what should I get?" After being a computer guy for nearly twenty years, I'm a good person to ask. In this article, I will share with you the my advice on how to buy a new computer.

There is nothing more frustrating than spending your hard-earned money on a new computer and ending up being frustrated because you didn't get what you wanted. By following a few simple guidelines, you can buy the perfect computer for your needs without spending an arm and a leg.

If you are considering buying a laptop, please read my article "Should I Buy a Desktop or Laptop computer?" (available at my website) to help you make up your mind. If you are certain that a desktop is the right choice for you, then here is my advice on how to pick the perfect new computer to suit your needs.

What Kind of Computer?

There are many brands of computers available. (I happen to be an unabashed fan of Dell Computers. I have recommended Dell desktop, laptop, and server computers to my friends, family, and clients for many years and continue to be impressed with their quality, value, and performance. Each Thursday I check out the latest Dell deals as they come out, and post the deal of the week on my website.) However, if you prefer another brand, just take the following guidelines into account and you'll be fine.

I specifically do NOT recommend that you buy your new computer at a big retail outlet, discount club, or office supply store for the following reasons:

-- Windows XP Professional is usually not available on retail store computers.

-- The Office suite is often a "Trial", requiring you to pay more money in 60 days to keep using it.

-- Technical support is often expensive, outsourced overseas, and not great quality.

What Operating System?

I strongly recommend Windows XP Professional for your operating system. The professional version is a $100 upgrade from the Home Edition, and it is worth it. While the interface is nearly identical, there are some important features that XP Professional has that you want., such as:

-- Advanced networking features which are required for any office environment where you will be attached to a server.

-- Better networking and security features

-- Fax capabilities

-- Enhanced backup/system recovery options

-- Remote Desktop, which allows you to take over your computer from anywhere in the world! (Forget paying $20/mo for GoToMyPC or LogMeIn...just buy WinXP Professional and the functionality is built in!)

What about WinXP Media Center edition and Windows VISTA? I'm not a fan of either. WinXP Media Center turns your computer into a jukebox, Tivo, and DVD player. If you are a college student with limited space in your dorm room, this might be ok. But my experience is, people invest in a WinXP Media Center computer, and after the newness wears off, they go back to using their TV to watch TV again. I don't believe in clogging up your computer with software that you aren't using on a regular basis.

Windows Vista is too new, and while it shows promise, I don't recommend a new operating system until Service Pack One is released. As the old saying goes, "You can always tell the pioneers by the arrows in their backs". Let someone else debug Vista. My opinion on this will likely change later in 2007 or early 2008 when some of the issues have been worked out.

How Much RAM??

Get a minimum of One Gigabyte (1024 Megabytes) of RAM. The single most important thing you can do to speed up your computer is to make sure it has plenty of RAM. Invest in a GIG now and you'll never regret it. Your computer may run fast when you first pull it out of the box, but once you start installing software, surfing the Internet, downloading music, or doing whatever it is you do...trust me, things are going to start to slow down.

512Megs is the bare minimum for a Windows XP computer with Service Pack 2 installed (my rule, not Microsoft's). 768Megs is better, and a Gig is optimal. If you are into video editing, CAD/CAM, or Photoshop, you might want to invest in more than a Gigabyte. Another reason to buy more now is so you can upgrade to Vista later. If that is your plan, get two Gigabytes now.

What Kind of Processor??

The minimum processor and hard drive are probably adequate. For most people, the "slowest" processor offered is probably more than adequate. Faster processers are often available for $50-$500 more, but I think you're wasting your money if you are like most users and just want to surf the web, read email, do some word processing etc. Spend that extra money on more RAM or an external hard disk for backups instead!

How Big of a Hard Disk??

Similarly, unless you really plan on downloading tons of music and movies or take LOTS of big digital photos, the "smallest" hard drive available is probably adequate. As an example, Windows XP and Microsoft Office combined take up less than 4 Gigs. Most of the hard drives I see have less than 20 Gigs used. Just go for the minimum drive (it's probably 60-80 Gigs) and, if you run out of space you can always invest in second internal or external hard drive later.

An exception to this rule is that lately I have noticed Dell charging only $10 to upgrade from an 80Gig hard drive to a 160Gig hard drive. Obviously, it is worth a mere $10 to double your hard drive space.

Summary?

By following just a few guidelines, you can save yourself a lot of money and buy the best computer that will serve you well for many years to come. Remember to seriously consider Windows XP Pro, get a GIG of RAM, and go with the minimum processor and smallest hard drive. For more advice, tips and tricks, visit my website.

So you've finally decided it's time for a change. No matter
what advice you follow that old work horse of a desktop
computer you have has outlived its usefulness with slow
loading applications and a continuous rise in operation
noise.

Searching for that Perfect Computer can be about as much fun
as purchasing a new car and about as frustrating also when
sorting through the various brands while trying to decide
which "bells and whistles" best fit your needs. Besides all
that trying to return something that is so large can be both
inconvenient and very difficult to do. So making the right
decision the FIRST time is the wise path of choice.

For starters you'll need to decide what you want to do with
your computer. Are you into the video game scene or are you
someone who likes to just surf the internet and occasionally
do some book keeping with simple word processing software?

If you're into video games you're going to want a machine
that can handle the high level of graphics and superior
sound quality. On the other hand if you're not into all
that high adrenalin stuff you can probably get by with a
less expensive system. Although, if you want to stay on the
safe side I would recommend going with something more
"high-end" so you don't have to spend another large chunk of
change to upgrade the system you just bought.

There are two basic routes you can take when purchasing a
new computer.

1) Purchase a "Brand Name" Computer
2) Purchase a "Clone" Computer

A "BRAND-NAME" computer is one that is manufactured by a
company that is recognizable by name.

Some Advantages/Disadvantages of "Brand-Name" computers
include:

Advantages:

Customer Support- If you are experiencing problems with your
computer you will have the option to contact a
representative of the company that you purchased the PC from
to get help in solving your problem.

Customer support is probably the best reason to buy a
brand-name computer.

Warranty- Having a warranty is always nice since it acts as
a type of security blanket for you.

In case a part on your computer should fail you should be
able to get the item fixed at no charge just as long as the
warranty has not expired.

Read and understand a company's warranty policy BEFORE you
purchase a computer from them.

This way you'll have a good understanding of the procedures
to follow in case a problem should arise.

Pre-installed Software- Many companies will include software
packages that are all set up and ready to go for you on your
computer.

Although, a disadvantage of buying a brand-name computer
with software pre-installed is that you usually end up with
more than fits your needs and usually just results with the
wasting of space on your storage device.

Additional Support- Most brand-name computer companies are
also able to provide you with web sites that may provide you
with current software updates, user manuals, or basic
troubleshooting help.

Disadvantages

The use of Proprietary parts- the term Proprietary refers to
products that are unique to an individual company and that
company only.

So if a part was to malfunction on your computer after
warranty and you needed to replace it you could not just go
to your local computer store and purchase any old part even
if it was intended for the same function as the item that
failed.

You would be forced to buy the exact same item that came out
of the computer or else the computer would more than likely
cease to function correctly.

Having to buy proprietary parts usually involves the need to
place an order which means you'll have to wait for the part
to arrive or you'll have to send your computer into the
company or an authorized dealer of that company for
repairs.

People with a home based business would probably not be too
happy with that situation at all.

Integrated/On-board parts- In the computer world when you
hear the word integrated or on-board it means that a
particular part such as the modem or sound port where you
plug in your speakers, is built-in or part of the computer
main board (Also known as the Motherboard).

This means that if any of these items should fail, you can't
just remove them from the computer and replace them with a
new part. They are usually soldered directly to the main
board and are stuck there.

Although, some computers do provide a way to disable a
malfunctioning device which will allow you to install your
own store bought device to take the place of the broken
part.

From a computer technicians point of view this is not always
easy to do.

It just depends on what brand of computer you currently
have. Meaning some are easier to work on than others.

A "CLONE" computer is a clone or a copy of its brand-name
counterpart with the exception that instead of company
specific or proprietary parts, the items used to make a
clone computer are from several different companies instead
of only one.

Let's say that if you were to go to a local company that
builds "clone" computers, and you tell them what you need,
chances are they don't use parts that are specific to only
that type of computer like the brand-name computer companies
do.

This is a good thing because it means that they will
probably use components that are interchangeable with many
different brands and are easy to come by if needed.

Some Advantages/Disadvantages of "Clone" computers include:

Advantages:

Cost- compared to brand-name computers the clone will
generally be easier on your pocket book when purchasing one
with similar features as its brand-name counterpart.

This is most likely due to the money that is saved by not
offering the high-end customer service. Although, that may
not be the only reason for the lower prices.

Easily Accessible Replacement Parts- Since the clone
computer was built with parts that are not any one company
specific, you can buy parts for the clone computer that can
be used even if the brand is different from the one that was
in the computer when you originally bought it.

NOTE: Before you buy any parts, it is necessary to make sure
that the replacement parts are compatible with your
particular computers system requirements.

Either consult the manual that should have came with your
computer or get help from a knowledgeable friend or repair
person.

Disadvantages:

Warranties- Unless you purchase a service plan you will
typically not have as an attractive warranty as you would
with a brand-name computer company.

Whatever you do just make sure you understand how long the
warranty is for and as to what kind of repairs the warranty
covers before you make the purchase.

Customer Support- With brand-name computer companies you are
usually provided with a 24-hour toll free number that you
can call if you have questions or concerns with your
computer.

Clone computers are more than likely not going to have a
24-hour help service, but rather you will be forced to only
be able to call during regular business hours.

Also, it is more than likely that there will not be any one
website that you can go to in order to find out information
concerning troubleshooting questions you may have.

For service it may be necessary to take the computer back to
the store that you bought it at or you may have to do some
research on the individual parts that went into the computer
and visit the manufacturer's website for troubleshooting
tips.

Finally, if all else fails you can certainly take what you
have learned from this article and being that you know what
you need now, but don't know where to go and get that
"Perfect Computer", the best resource at your disposal are
the very men and woman that work at your local electronics
shop.

It is their duty to help you get hold of that "Perfect
Computer" that best fits your needs. All you need to do is
tell them what you plan on using that computer for and they
should be more than happy to help you from there.

The best way to get the gaming computer that you want, that will provide optimum performance is to build your own computer. If you think you do not have the technical knowledge or are not capable of building a computer you are wrong. I'm pretty certain that I could teach my mother (who has a hard time working a VCR) how to build a computer. If you can plug a sweeper into a wall outlet and use a screw driver, you too can build a computer.

What The Computer Manufacturers Don't Want You to Know!

Manufacturers don't want you to know how easy it is to build a computer because they make their living selling complete computers. The truth is that manufacturers focus on selling a computer with an overall low price tag to entice people to buy. They use the processor and software as the primary selling point. In most cases other than the processor and maybe the graphics card you have no idea what components they actually use. Alienware is one of the rare exceptions. They tell you for the most, part what components they are using. However, this doesn't mean that these are the best components on the market. Every manufacturer gets regular visits from sales people convincing them that they should use their products. Just because a company gives them the best deal on a power supply that allows them to increase their profit margin on the computers they sell doesn't make it the best power supply. This often leads to the use of inferior products for the sake of profit.

The Advantages To Building Your Own Computer

By building your own computer you are assured of getting the highest quality because you have painstakingly researched every component. If you've ever wondered why your store bought gaming computer with the top of the line graphics card and ultra fast CPU is still having trouble running newer games, it is likely because they stuck you with an inferior power supply, cheap motherboard, inadequate RAM, and the list goes on. In my mind it makes sense to build your own computer.

Warranties and Technical Support

If you are worried about warranties, you need not be. In most cases you can get a manufacturers warranty on every component you buy. As for technical support, I've had much better luck with getting questions answered through friendly helpful forums on the internet than I ever have from technical support lines. Not to mention you don't have to pay to sit on hold.

Upgrades Are Painless And Fast

When you build your own computer upgrades are a snap. You've already put it together so switching a hard drive or changing the graphics card is extremely easy. For instance I just upgraded my graphics card. It took me longer to unplug everything from the back of my tower than it did to swap the graphics card. All in all I was up and running with the new drivers installed in about 10 minutes. If you are impatient like I am taking your machine to a store to have it upgraded just isn't worth the wait.

How To Build Your Own Computer

I hope I've convinced you to build your own computer. It is a very rewarding experience. As I've said it isn't very difficult.
I do however recommend that you do your research. There are several good books published on the topic such as "Build Your Own PC", by Morris Rosenthal. You can also find a great deal of information regarding building computers and computer hardware at my website Gaming-Computers.net. Good luck with your computer, and remember, if you ever run into problems building it there are thousands of people on the Net that are more than willing to help, and they won't charge you a technician's service fee.

1. No Access to the Keyboard During the Boot Process?

Help, I can't access my keyboard at boot!

If this is the case, I would recommend:

1-1. If using a USB keyboard, plug the keyboard into the primary USB ports on the back of the computer (on the motherboard). Restart the computer and try again.

1-2. Try another known working USB keyboard plugged into the primary USB ports on the back of the computer (on motherboard). Restart the computer and try again.

1-3. Try another known working PS/2 keyboard, restart the computer and try again.

1-4. If using a PS/2 Keyboard, try replacing your keyboard with a USB keyboard, restart the computer and try again.

1-5. If these steps fail, remove your keyboard connection and shut the computer off with the power button. While computer is off, plug the keyboard back into the computer and start the computer.

Still doesn't work? Please go to "I need to flash my bios" section and proceed with flashing your bios.

2. Does Your Computer Freeze at Bios?

Why is my computer frozen?!

2-1. Remove all devices from your computer including removable hard drives, additional USB devices, and printers and faxes. Restart the computer and try again. If no result, go to step 2-2.

2-2. If you can see your bios screen, please tap the key to go into your bios settings. While inside of bios, make sure that your hard drive, memory and video card ( is applicable) are detected. If it is not, try re-seating or replacing the unit that is not being detected. If no result, go to step 2-3.

2-3. While looking in bios and all of your hardware is getting detected okay, please reset the bios back to its default settings and choose "save and quit." The computer will restart and you should be looking at the operating system loading page at this point. If no result, go to step 2-4.

2-4. Open the computer, remove all but 1 memory module (usually closest to the CPU) and disconnect all hard drives. Also disconnect and PCI or AGP add on cards and start your computer. If you see "operating system not found" or a similar message, progress has been made. Then start adding back 1 item at a time, restarting the computer after each item to see when it fails.

If these steps still won't work, please proceed to the "I need to flash my bios" section.

3. Computer Beeping Noises on Power Up

No data on screen and computer yelling at you?

3-1. If your computer is beeping at start up and you are not seeing anything on your screen. There is a hardware problem with your computer. Please check your motherboard or computer manufacturers website for bios code meanings. If this is not possible, first thing to try is remove all sticks of memory except for one, restart your computer and try again. If no result, please go to step 3-2.

3-2. If removed and tested all memory, please disconnect all internal connections EXCEPT for Power supply connections, Video card connections and the Power switch (PSW). Also leaving 1 stick of memory, heatsinks and fans plugged in as well, restart the computer and try again. If no result, please go to step 3-3.

3-3. If you have a video card installed and have on-board video as well, please remove the video card and the power connection to that card. Hook the video cable to your on board video connection. Restart your computer and try again. If no result, go to step 3-4.

3-4. If the beeping still exists, Try replacing the memory with a known working module. Restart the computer and try again, if no result, please replace the motherboard and try again. If still no result, go to step 3-5.

3-5. If beeping still exists, replace the processor and add only the necessary connections ( Power supply connections, Video card connections and the Power switch (PSW). Also leaving 1 stick of memory, heatsinks and fans plugged in as well ). Start the computer and try again.

Note: If all steps do not work, please review the steps one more time, if the computer is still beeping at start up, please contact a local computer repair technician.

4. Windows Was Unable to Start?

unmountable volume, windows did not start successfully?

4-1. First you should try "start Windows normally." If this does not bring you back into Windows, move to step 4-2.

4-2. Choose the "Use last known good configuration", you should be able to boot back into Windows at this point, if not proceed to step 4-3.

4-3. Choose "Repair" as an option and let the computer go through it's motions, your computer may restart a couple of times in the process. You should now be able to get back in to Windows, if not please proceed to step 4-4.

4-4. You will need to boot from a Windows installation DVD or boot-able USB with the installation files on it. Make sure to press the adequate key at bios to view / change boot options. Boot the DVD / USB, choose repair and then choose your Windows installation directory. If prompted with a command prompt, type "chkdsk /r" and then press enter. If no result, move to step 4-5.

4-5. If another computer is available, please remove the hard drive from the affected computer, insert the hard drive into the working computer as a slave ( making the proper jumper configuration change on the primary and slave drive). Then boot into Windows using your known working hard drive, then try and recover as much personal data as possible and store it on the known working hard drive. If another computer is unavailable or this does not work for you, please proceed to step 4-6.

4-6. Attach a removable storage medium ( removable hard drive ) Boot to a recovery software utility or Live CD using your DVD drive or USB drive. A few of these utilities are Hiren's Boot CD, Ultimate Boot CD, Knoppix and Ubuntu. Access your hard drive from this utility and back up all of your personal files and information. Then safely remove your removable hard drive, restart your computer and hit F11 or ctrl + F11 repeatedly if you have a factory installed windows recovery partition. Or if you have a DVD Windows installation disc insert this disc at start up. Choose the "install" option and install over your old broken Windows installation.

Note: If the above will not work, please contact a local computer repair technician.

5. I Need to Flash My Bios!

Bios corrupted, acting strange?

5-1. Obtain your bios compatible files. Most of the time, you can get these files from the manufacturer's website. Just search for the files on their website using your model # of you computer or service tag.

5-2. Create a boot-able floppy drive with your bios files. Then manually copy the bios files onto the floppy drive, eject the floppy drive and insert it into the troubled computer and start the computer up. Press the specific key to access your boot menu when the computer is starting up, choose your floppy drive. If everything goes to plan, you should see a command prompt. Follow your manufacturers instructions on how to flash the bios. If you do not have a floppy drive, proceed to 5-3.

5-3. Create a boot-able USB with your bios files on it. One utility to get this job done would be HP's USB Storage Format Tool. Then manually copy the bios files onto the USB drive, eject the USB drive and insert it into the troubled computer and start the computer up. Press the specific key to access your boot menu when the computer is starting up, choose your USB drive. If everything goes to plan, you should see a command prompt. Follow your manufacturers instructions on how to flash the bios. If you do not have a USB drive, proceed to 5-4.

5-4. Create a boot-able DVD with your bios files on it. When making your iso, copy the bios files into the ISO before compiling. Burn the DVD, eject the DVD and insert it into the troubled computer and start the computer up. Press the specific key to access your boot menu when the computer is starting up. Choose your DVD drive. If everything goes to plan, you should see a command prompt. Follow your manufacturers instructions on how to flash the bios.

Note: If you are not able to flash your bios, you may need to contact a local computer repair technician.

A scuba diving computer can be a divers best friend. It will allow you to stay down longer than if you were diving off of tables. There are many types and/or styles of dive computers you can choose from. Which one is best is really personal preference and is suited to the way you dive. The following are some of the choices you will have when purchasing your dive computer.

Console Dive Computer

A console dive computer is attached to the rest of the equipment via a hose. The console dive computers typically come with a pressure gauge. The readouts are typically larger than on a wrist dive computer so they can also be easier on the eyes.

There are also options for a scuba dive computer to be mounted on your hose (this is the type we currently use) or clip onto your BC. Choose whichever is more comfortable for you and fits into your price range.

Wrist Dive Computer

The wrist dive computer is very popular. These types of computers look like large watches and are worn on the wrist. They will tell you all you need to know at a glance. Some wrist dive computers are also able to be mounted in a console.

Sometimes the faces may be a bit small for all the information the computer can display, so make sure you will be able to read it underwater.

Unless they are air integrated and wireless (see below) wrist dive computers usually do not come with a pressure gauge. One small disadvantage here is that these can be pretty easy to misplace/lose.

Air Integrated Dive Computer

Air integrated dive computers are becoming more commonplace. An air integrated computer measures the tank pressure and then calculates how much more time you have left at the current rate of air consumption. The air integrated dive computer will tell you how much time you can spend at any exertion level.

An air integrated computer replaces the need for a submersible pressure gauge (SPG). One downside of an air integrated computer is that if it fails, you lose information on how much air you have left in your tank. Dive over.

Nitrox Dive Computer

With nitrox diving becoming more and more common, so are computers that are nitrox compatible. Even if you aren't diving with nitrox now, if you are even thinking of diving with nitrox in the future, it is probably worth it to purchase a nitrox dive computer. This will save you the expense of buying a whole new computer in the future. However, if don't think you will ever dive with nitrox, then there is no reason to pay for this feature. A standard air computer is probably $100+ less than its nitrox counterpart.

Hoseless Dive Computer

The hoseless dive computer consists of the receiver (typically worn on the wrist or mounted on the BC) and a transmitor. The transmitor attaches to the high pressure port of the regulator first stage and then sends your air information, wirelessly, to the receiver. The receiver looks the same as normal dive computers.

This setup cuts down on the number of hoses you need. There are now even hoseless dive computers that can accept signal from multiple transmitors - so you can even keep an eye on your buddies air consumption. Of course, this capability is really for the more advanced technical divers who may use different tanks on one dive. And, of course, we are talking some pretty high price tags here.

So just think about how you dive and what capabilities you need. The right dive computer for one person can be completely wrong for another person. Choose one that you are comfortable with and one that is right for you wallet.

Without question, computers were more trouble than they were worth for a good many years. Room-sized computers couldn't even keep up with a cheap pocket calculator for the first 15 years of their existence! And the prices...is it any wonder that most of us thought the computer was just some fancy toy? If you really think about it, Pong lured more of us into the world of computers than anything practical. Ahh, but everything has changed, hasn't it? And done so before our very eyes.

From the cashier ringing up our lunch to the meter reader making the rounds in the neighborhood every month for the gas company, computers have invaded everywhere! Computer training was once perceived as a way to open up some pretty impressive doors. Now? Some degree of computer training is needed just to get in any door these days, and it's only going to get worse.

Hey look, I'm a welder - why would I ever need computer training?

I've got just one word for you - China. You know, that crazy place where wages are a mere fraction of what they are in the United States or Western Europe. One out of every six manufacturing jobs has been lost in the United States since 2000. Global competition has changed computer training from "nice resume builder" to "essential reading". But while China has millions and millions of people who can afford to work for a fraction of what workers bring home in the West, the country is still very behind with respect to technology and basic computer training. It is more than possible that some in-depth computer training may be what makes you vital to a company, and a person who can only weld - well, easier to replace.

I don't sleep enough as it is - where am I going to find time for computer training?

Well, you can always find time for computer training after you get laid-off and don't have to worry about that irritating job thing for awhile - after all, it does eat up 40 hours a week (or more). However, if you want to stay ahead of the game and not play catch-up, online computer training schools may be your best option.

Are you nuts? Those online places are a joke, right? I mean, what employer is going to give me a job because of some certificate from a school that doesn't exist - except on my computer?

Are there some shady online computer training schools? Well, of course there are - but the same is true of those "real" schools with cool things like buildings and stuff. They operate without accreditation, making their certificates and degrees useless. However, just as with online computer training schools, there are a lot of great places to get the additional training and skills you need to succeed in this brave new world of ours. As with traditional computer training schools, you will have to do your homework in order to get the best training for your buck. Plus--and this is key--you are only going to benefit by actually trying to learn. Many employers test computer skills prior to employment anyway, so cheating the system or attending online computer training schools with poor requirements will only hurt you in the long run.

Like it or not, the computer is not going anywhere. For better or worse, we must live in this new electronic universe, and computer training is vital to your success. In order to stay a step ahead of the competition while leading a hectic lifestyle, consider online computer training schools as an option for getting the skills you need in this global market. Ignore this fact, and you may be saying "Would You Like Fries With That?"

Like it or not our lives are virtually controlled by computers. Computers give us the ability to do many things we cannot do without them and we can't imagine our lives now without them. Today computer and internet skills are very important to our everyday lives. We face error and repair type issues constantly and now more than ever we need enough knowledge to do a simple slow computer fix to our own computer. Simply put, we need to keep them functioning as they should and at an adequate speed.

Here are some things for you to look at that you might be able to do "at home":

(1) Does your computer have too many unneeded programs installed and / or running?
There are programs pre-loaded by the computer companies that you do not want or need. All computer companies do it. In fact my best computers have been the ones I have had built by local people or shops by assembling components to my specs. That way I didn't get the "garbage". To have these applications removed from your computer is not easy and can even be dangerous for the computer. Probably the best solution to these "extra" programs is to let a professional clean them out of your computer for you.

(2) Does your computer have the right amount of memory?
Many times a slow computer is one lacking enough memory, especially in older units. The longer you work your computer the more data is stored away. Windows XP stores data in as many as five separate locations. It seems that our computers now have a tremendous amount of capacity compared to say ten years ago, but the computer requires so much more as well. The amount of data storage capacity varies with the uses of the computer. Home computers do not need anywhere near the memory (or the CPU speed) as one used for high-performance games. Check with the software company for its recommendations for your computer which will probably be on the software box or in the instruction manual.

(3) What is the hard disk and random access memory?
The two main types of memory your computer has is the hard disk memory and the RAM or random access memory. Simply put the hard disk is where data is stored permanently, or long term, and the RAM is short term memory. Either of these two types of computer memory can make your computer slow down. The slow computer fix could be either installing more memory or eliminating some of the data you are storing. Honestly the RAM effects speed more often, so check it first, through the specifications required.

(4) What about the computer's registry?
Registry cleaning is really very simple and may be the best thing for you to do at this point. The registry is virtually the brain of the computer and is where your operating system stores many of the important configurations for applications, start up, etc. Optimizing your computer's registry can help remove unnecessary information and that can be a slow computer fix also. Over and over again it seems the registry is the main problem. It may not solve all your problems but it is a possible quick inexpensive fix.

When computers fail we are helpless. Sometimes the failure is due to a virus attack. However, other hardware failures could be the source of the problem. With new computers there are some simple hardware component replacements that fix ailing computers. These are simple replacements that literally anyone can do with a screwdriver and patience. Most often the failed component to replace is the power supply, the hard disk drive, or a failed CD or DVD drive. This article helps you determine the source of the computer failure so that if it is a simple problem, you could repair your computer. Alternatively, you would know when to have a professional help you repair your computer after the problem is identified.

Let us start from scratch. In this case we have our malfunctioning computer powered off. The first step is to power it on and observe. When the power button is hit, do lights light up in the computer? On both tower computers and laptop computers there are lights that light when power is applied. A good idea is to take a picture of your computer when it is running properly so it helps you remember how it looks, what lights are lighted, and what the color of the lights are. Good power to the computer is often indicated by a green or blue light. Orange lights indicate a malfunction and indicate that the computer has power somewhere.

When there are no lights, the power supply is likely to be the source of the failure. Laptop external transformers can be tested and replaced. They run under $100. There are aftermarket replacements. The next test for a laptop and a desktop computer is to use a new external laptop transformer or a new power supply as a test for the failed power supply.

Power supplies for desktop computers are available on-line and from local stores. They also cost around $100. A new supply does not need to be installed in a computer to test the power supply. Just lay the computer on its side with the chassis open, place the new power supply on top the old power supply, disconnect the old power supply one connector at a time, and connect the equivalent connector into the computer one power supply connector at a time. Once the new power supply is connected try powering on the computer. This tests the power supply.

A new power supply that provides more watts is fine. This means a 300 W power supply can be replaced by a 500 W power supply. It is best not to reduce power supply wattage (replace a 500 W power supply with a 300 W power supply), but OK to increase it. Power connections to floppy disk drives can easily short out the power supply when the connector is not plugged in precisely correct. If the computer does not turn on, then disconnect the floppy drive power and try with the floppy drive power disconnected. Finally, all power supply connections are keyed and have a connector clip. When connecting the power connectors make sure the connector clip is lined up correctly.

If the new transformer does not fix the laptop computer power, then you can return the laptop to the manufacturer for repairs or buy a new laptop. If you buy a new laptop, the data can be removed from the old laptop's hard disk drive and moved to the new laptop's hard disk drive. With a desktop PC, just un-bolt the old power supply and bolt in the new one. Replacing the power supply in a computer is cleaner and easier than replacing the spark plugs in a car.

Now let us return to our troubleshooting. The next possible error indication is that the computer does not boot and there is no display. Monitors have a light on the bottom right. When this light is green, the computer is sending a video signal to the monitor. If the light is a large, then the computer is not sending a video signal to the monitor.

When there is no video signal sent to the monitor, it indicates that the problem resides in the computer hardware. This suggests that we look inside the computer itself and check the Main Logic Board (MLB) capacitors (these are round tower like components that stick up from the MLB). Main Logic Boards fail when they are five years or older due to the capacitors on the MLB failing. The capacitors burst causing a complete failure of the MLB. When this occurs, the solution is purchasing a new computer.

When a computer is first powered on, it typically displays the BIOS setup information prior to attempting to start Windows. This information should flash briefly on the monitor as the computer starts. When it does, this shows that the computer itself and the display are operating properly. After this display, Windows can boot to a black or blue screen. The is sometimes referred to as the "blue screen of death". In either case there is no starting Windows. This error points to a failed hard disk drive. It typically means that the computer is working fine, but the disk drive has failed provide information to the computer needed to start Windows. Because you cannot boot into Windows, there is no way to test the disk drive. In this event the disk drive must be removed from the computer and attach to a another Windows computer for testing. The disk drive test command in Windows is CHKDSK /R. When this command is run in Windows, it tests the disk drive, corrects any data corruption on the disk drive, and determines if there are physical errors on the drive.

Physical drive errors are indicated by any number greater than zero in the bad sectors test results report. When physical errors or bad sectors are reported, it means that your disk drive has cancer. While the drive is not dead, it should be replaced immediately and the data copied from it to the new drive. Continued use of a drive with bad sectors, risks losing all the data on the drive. The difficult part of replacing a hard disk drive is copying all the data from the old drive to the new drive. There are programs that permit imaging the entire hard disk drive and then onto a new hard disk drive. If an image is successfully created and then copy to a new disk drive, the Windows computer often returns to normal operation as though nothing has happened.

In some cases when the Windows data is placed on a new disk drive, Windows still fails to start. In this event installing Windows over Windows for Windows XP or installing a fresh copy of Windows for Windows 7 typically fixes the problem. To install a completely fresh copy of Windows in either case (Windows XP or Windows 7) while preserving the data on the disk drive it is only necessary to delete the Windows folder from the drive on which the fresh copy of Windows is to be installed. It is also a good idea to rename the Documents and Settings or the Users folders so that the data contained in them is preserved.

This completes the basic PC hardware troubleshooting procedure. When a computer boots into Windows and still has problems, then it is likely a software issue. Software issues are commonly resolved by reinstalling Windows or by removing viruses and little use software from the computer. A complete procedure for removing viruses and spyware is beyond what I can present in this article. A detailed virus removal and spyware procedure is covered in my "Pete The Nerd's Do It Yourself Virus Removal" book. The goal of this article was to get you started in troubleshooting your PC and to give you some idea of what the next effective steps to pursue are so that you may return your PC to normal operation.

Thank you for your time.

Pete the Nerd
"Your Friend on a Technically Challenged Planet©"

©P D Moulton